Rifle - Wikipedia. A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves (. The raised areas of the rifling are called . When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling, in the same way that a properly thrown American football or rugby ball behaves. This allows the use of aerodynamically- efficient bullets (as opposed to the spherical balls used in muskets) and thus improves range and accuracy. Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports.
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Typically, a bullet is propelled by the contained deflagration of an explosive compound (originally black powder, later cordite, and now nitrocellulose), although other means such as compressed air are used in air rifles, which are popular for vermin control, hunting small game, formal target shooting and casual shooting (. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze; some fire in a fully automatic mode and others are limited to fixed bursts of two, three, or more rounds per squeeze. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design and function with machine guns. In fact, many light machine guns (such as the Russian RPK) are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. A military's light machine guns are typically chambered for the same caliber ammunition as its service rifles.
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Generally, the difference between an automatic rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, cooling system, and ammunition feed system. Rifles, with their relatively lighter components (which overheat quickly) and smaller capacity magazines, are incapable of sustained automatic fire in the way that machine guns are; they trade this capability in favor of increased mobility.
Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt- fed. Many machine guns allow the operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheating, whereas rifles generally do not.
Most machine guns fire from an open bolt in order to reduce the danger of . Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier; the rifle is an individual weapon. The term . Archers had long realized that a twist added to the tail feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. Early muskets produced large quantities of smoke and soot, which had to be cleaned from the action and bore of the musket frequently, either through the action of repeated bore scrubbing, or a deliberate attempt to create .
This might also have led to a perceived increase in accuracy, although no one knows for sure. True rifling dates from the mid- 1.
In the early 1. 8th century, Benjamin Robins, an English mathematician, realized that an elongated bullet would retain the momentum and kinetic energy of a musket ball, but would slice through the air with greater ease. Their greater range was also considered to be of little practical use, since the smoke from black powder quickly obscured the battlefield and made it almost impossible to target the enemy from a distance. Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters and non- military uses like hunting. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of precision manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle, the musket ball was a loose fit in the barrel. Consequently, on firing the ball bounced off the sides of the barrel when fired and the final direction on leaving the muzzle was unpredictable. The performance of early muskets defined the style of warfare at the time.
Due to the lack of accuracy, soldiers were employed in long lines (thus Line infantry) and fire at the opposing forces. Precise aim was thus not necessary to hit an opponent. Muskets were used for comparatively rapid, imprecisely aimed volley fire, and the average soldier could be easily trained to use them.
In the territory of Kentucky, one of the most early successful rifles, the long rifle, was developed over the course of the 1. Compared to the more common Brown Bess, they had a tighter bore, no room between bullet and barrel, still used balls instead of conical bullets, but the balls were smaller, allowing the production of more rounds for a given amount of lead. They also had longer barrels, allowing more accuracy, and of course were rifled with a helical groove. These first started appearing sometime before 1. Jacob Dickert, a German immigrant.
By 1. 85. 0 there were a number of such manufacturers in the area. The longer barrel was a departure by local gunsmiths from their German roots, allowing frontiersmen to carry more rounds and for bullets to achieve a higher speed (as the burning gunpowder was contained longer) before emerging from the barrel. The rifle was used for precise shooting, to aim and fire at individual targets instead of the musket's use for imprecise fire. One of the most important units was Morgan's Riflemen, led by Daniel Morgan, a sharpshooting unit that eventually proved integral to turning the war against the British at the Battle of Saratoga, and in the southern states where General Morgan commanded, and therefore overall. Morgan's sharpshooters would pick off enemy cannoneers and officers, reducing the impact of superior British artillery. After King's Mountain, a British officer wrote . Because of a slower loading time than a musket, they were not adopted by the whole army.
Since rifles were used by sharpshooters who did not routinely fire over other men's shoulders, long length was not required to avoid the forward line. A shorter length made a handier weapon in which tight- fitting balls did not have to be rammed so far down the barrel. Many rifles, often referred to as rifled muskets, were very similar to the muskets they replaced, but the military also experimented with other designs. Breech- loading weapons proved to have a much faster rate of fire than muzzleloaders, causing military forces to abandon muzzle loaders in favor of breech- loading designs in the late 1. In the later part of the 1. Then, as now, rifles had a stock, either fixed or folding, to be braced against the shoulder when firing.
The adoption of cartridges and breech- loading in the 1. In the early part of the 2. World War I Lee–Enfield rifles (among others) were equipped with long- range 'volley sights' for massed firing at ranges of up to 1. Individual shots were unlikely to hit, but a platoon firing repeatedly could produce a 'beaten ground' effect similar to light artillery or machine guns; but experience in World War I showed that long- range fire was best left to the machine gun. Rifles derived from military designs have long been popular with civilian shooters. These Rifle Regiments were deployed as skirmishers during the Peninsular war in Spain and Portugal, and were more effective than skirmishers armed with muskets due to their accuracy and long range. Muzzle- loading. The innovation shortly preceded the mass adoption of breech- loading weapons, as it was not practical to push an overbore bullet down through a rifled barrel, only to then (try to) fire it back out.
The dirt and grime from prior shots was pushed down ahead of a tight bullet or ball (which may have been a loose fit in the clean barrel before the first shot), and, of course, loading was far more difficult, as the lead had to be deformed to go down in the first place, reducing the accuracy due to deformation. Several systems were tried to deal with the problem, usually by resorting to an under- bore bullet that expanded upon firing. Even with the advent of rifling the bullet itself didn't change, but was wrapped in a greased, cloth patch to grip the rifling grooves. The first half of the 1. In 1. 82. 6 Delvigne, a French infantry officer, invented a breech with abrupt shoulders on which a spherical bullet was rammed down until it caught the rifling grooves. Delvigne's method, however, deformed the bullet and was inaccurate.
Soon after, the Carabine . However, the area around the stem would clog and get dirty easily. Mini. When fired, the skirt would expand from the pressure of the exploding charge and grip the rifling as the round was fired. The better seal gave more power, as less gas escaped past the bullet, which combined with the fact that for the same bore (caliber) diameter a long bullet was heavier than a round ball. The extra grip also spun the bullet more consistently, which increased the range from about 5. Mini. The expanding skirt of the Mini.
Springfield and the British Enfield of the early 1. U. S. Civil War, due to their enhanced power and accuracy.
Over the 1. 9th century, bullet design also evolved, the bullets becoming gradually smaller and lighter. By 1. 91. 0 the standard blunt- nosed bullet had been replaced with the pointed, 'spitzer' bullet, an innovation that increased range and penetration. Cartridge design evolved from simple paper tubes containing black powder and shot, to sealed brass cases with integral primers for ignition, while black powder itself was replaced with cordite, and then other nitro- cellulose- based smokeless powder mixtures, propelling bullets to higher velocities than before. Primitive chamber- locking mechanisms were soon replaced by bolt- action mechanisms, exemplified by the Chassepot in 1. Breech loading was to have a major impact on warfare, as breech- loading rifles can be fired at a rate many times higher than muzzle loaded rifles and significantly can be loaded from a prone rather than standing position.
Firing prone (i. e., lying down) is more accurate than firing from a standing position, while a prone rifleman presents a much smaller target than a standing soldier. The higher accuracy and range, combined with reduced vulnerability generally benefited the defense while making the traditional battle between lines of standing and volleying infantry men obsolete.
Revolving rifle. Colt began experimenting with revolving rifles in the early 1.